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1847\u5e74\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u4e86\u8f6c\u673a\u3002\u585e\u9ea6\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u670b\u53cb\u5728\u2160\u90e8\u5206\u5a29\u540e\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e8e\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\uff0c\u63a5\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u521a\u4e0a\u5b8c\u89e3\u5256\u8bfe\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5c38\u4f53\u89e3\u5256\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5979\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea7\u5987\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u539f\u56e0\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u585e\u9ea6\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u63a8\u6d4b\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u4e8e\u533b\u751f\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u751f\u8d64\u88f8\u7740\u53cc\u624b\u505a\u5b8c\u5c38\u4f53\u89e3\u5256\u540e\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u68c0\u67e5\u5b55\u5987\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u5c38\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5fae\u7c92\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53cc\u624b\u5e26\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ea7\u5987\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4ea7\u5987\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u2161\u90e8\u7684\u52a9\u4ea7\u58eb\u4e0d\u89e3\u5256\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u2161\u90e8\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4f4e\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5728\u7ed9\u4e34\u4ea7\u5b55\u5987\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7ed9\u4ea7\u5987\u63a5\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u80a5\u7682\u6d17\u624b\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u2160\u90e8\u4ea7\u5987\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5c31\u4ece18%\u964d\u52303%\uff0c\u548c\u2161\u90e8\u52a9\u4ea7\u58eb\u63a5\u751f\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u56e0\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5b55\u5987\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f7f\u75284%\u7684\u6f02\u767d\u7c89\u6eb6\u6db2\u6d17\u624b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5c31\u6781\u5c11\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u585e\u9ea6\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u548e\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u4e0d\u5e72\u51c0\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5927\u5bb6\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u201c\u7634\u6c14\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u574f\u7a7a\u6c14\u201d\u81f4\u75c5\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u6096\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u611f\u67d3\u6027\u5fae\u5c0f\u9897\u7c92\u80fd\u591f\u9644\u7740\u4e8e\u6307\u5c16\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u521b\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u5e38\u8bc6\u5b8c\u5168\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u533b\u751f\u975e\u5e38\u6392\u65a5\u6d17\u624b\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u51ed\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u7ec5\u58eb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u624b\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e72\u51c0\uff1f\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d7\u5230\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u4f46\u585e\u9ea6\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u4ecd\u7136\u575a\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u624b\u6d88\u6bd2\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279?\u79d1\u8d6b<\/p>\n
\u5217\u6587?\u864e\u514b\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5fae\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u8bc1\u660e\u7ec6\u83cc\u5c31\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u611f\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u5219\u662f\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279?\u79d1\u8d6b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279?\u79d1\u8d6b\uff08Robert Koch\uff09\u4e8e1843\u5e7412\u670811\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u5854\u5c14\u4e0a\u6e38\u54c8\u5c14\u8328\u5c71\u3002<\/p>\n
1862\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u5230\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\uff08G?ttingen\uff09\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u533b\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u513f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u96c5\u5404\u5e03?\u4ea8\u52d2\uff08Jacob Henle\uff09\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ea8\u52d2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u611f\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u79cd\u6d3b\u7684\u5bc4\u751f\u7269\u5f15\u8d77\u3002\u57281866\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u5f53\u8fc7\u533b\u751f\u3001\u536b\u751f\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u8fc71872\u5e74\u52301880\u5e74\u7684\u666e\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n
\u90a3\u65f6\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u6b63\u5728Wollstein\u5730\u533a\u519c\u573a\u7684\u7272\u53e3\u4e2d\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7f3a\u5c11\u79d1\u7814\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e0d\u5026\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eea\u5668\u662f\u4e00\u67b6\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ed6\u59bb\u5b50\u9001\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u70ad\u75bd\u6746\u83cc\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u8d6b\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec6\u83cc\u5c31\u662f\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7684\u75c5\u56e0\u3002\u4ed6\u7528\u4ece\u519c\u573a\u91cc\u6b7b\u4e8e\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u813e\u810f\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u70ad\u75bd\u83cc\u7ed9\u5c0f\u9f20\u63a5\u79cd\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u6240\u6709\u5c0f\u9f20\u90fd\u88ab\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec6\u83cc\u6740\u6b7b\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u5065\u5eb7\u7272\u53e3\u813e\u810f\u8840\u6db2\u63a5\u79cd\u7684\u5c0f\u9f20\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u67d3\u4e0a\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8840\u6db2\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u8d6b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u4ed6\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u89e6\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u70ad\u75bd\u83cc\u662f\u5426\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u8d77\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u725b\u773c\u7684\u623f\u6c34\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec6\u83cc\u57f9\u517b\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed8\u56fe\u3001\u62cd\u7167\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u5f53\u751f\u5b58\u73af\u5883\u6076\u52a3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7f3a\u6c27\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u8737\u7f29\u6210\u82bd\u80de\uff0c\u85cf\u5728\u575a\u786c\u7684\u5916\u58f3\u5185\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5f53\u73af\u5883\u597d\u8f6c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u539f\u6837\u3002\u79d1\u8d6b\u5c06\u7ec6\u83cc\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u51e0\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u89e6\u4efb\u4f55\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u81f4\u75c5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u8d6b\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86Breslau\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u5fb7?\u79d1\u6069\uff08Ferdinand Cohn\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u6069\u6559\u6388\u4e3a\u6b64\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5bf9\u79d1\u8d6b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u8be5\u6210\u679c\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u5c31\u51fa\u540d\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u5728Wollstein\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f24\u53e3\u611f\u67d3\u70ad\u75bd\u83cc\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\u7ed9\u4eca\u540e\u63a7\u5236\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
1883\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fdc\u8d74\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u90a3\u91cc\u66b4\u53d1\u7684\u970d\u4e71\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f27\u83cc\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u970d\u4e71\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u7269\u5e26\u56de\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u970d\u4e71\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u76f4\u6cbf\u7528\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u6c34\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6c34\u6e90\u4fdd\u62a4\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u5728\u970d\u4e71\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e8610\u4e07\u5fb7\u56fd\u9a6c\u514b\u7684\u5956\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u8bf8\u5982\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u67d3\u8272\u7b49\u79d1\u7814\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u7ed3\u6838\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5df4\u6c0f\u6d88\u6bd2\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u8def\u6613\u65af?\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7<\/p>\n
\u8def\u6613\u65af?\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\uff08Louis Past-eur\uff09\u4e8e1822\u5e7412\u670827\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u591a\u5c14\uff08Dole\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u6ce2\u4f9d\u65af\u9547\u957f\u5927\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece\u9ad8\u7b49\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n
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